A 2023 PLOS ONE study found that athletes with throwing yips don’t struggle to visualize success—they struggle with vivid, intrusive images of failure that persist even after symptoms improve. Positive imagery alone isn’t enough because negative scripts can coexist and dominate under pressure, especially when anxiety and avoidant coaching cues reinforce them. Effective intervention has to directly address negative imagery, regulate anxiety, and shift instructional language, rather than relying on “just think positive” approaches.
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